Central Bank and Monetary Policy Research Paper

Central Bank and Monetary Policy - Research Paper Example This paper deals with central bank objectives, instruments and theory behind them. Five objectives of central banks will be described and discussed. Central banks’ objectives are price stability, stable real growth, financial stability, and interest rate and exchange stability. Then, direct and indirect tools of monetary policy will be described and discussed. Direct tools affect directly the economic agents (Alexander et al., 1996, p.14). Indirect tools affect bank reserves (Alexander et al., 1996, p.14). Direct instruments are: interest rate controls, credit ceilings, and directed lending to the authorities (Alexander et al., 1996, p.14). Indirect instruments are open market operations, reserve requirements, and central bank lending facilities (Alexander et al., 1996, p.14). Advantages and disadvantages of both will be discussed. It will be described how the central banks control the economy through money supply and how price stability is related to other objectives of centr al banks, but only as long as money supply can be controlled by the central bank. Finally, United Arab Emirates (UAE) will be shortly analyzed and the performance of their central bank will be discussed. It will be shown that the central bank of UAE’s focus is on exchange rate and economic stability. Since the UAE dirham is pegged to the US dollar, inflation cannot be controlled by the central bank of UAE as its monetary policy is restrained by the peg. Instead, it depends on the inflation in the USA, since the USA is free to adjust its monetary policy. ... Today, they service both, the governments and the commercial banks (Cechetti & Schoenholtz, 2011, Chapter 15). By 2011, there were around 170 central banks in the world (Cechetti & Schoenholtz, 2011, Chapter 15). Though central banks around the world nowadays do not all have the same objectives, most share certain characteristics. They are in charge of monetary policy as the government’s bank (Cechetti & Schoenholtz, 2011, Chapter 15). In countries where the central bank is largely independent to determine the interest rate on its own, the goals toward which the monetary policy should be used are independent of political events. Central banks’ goals are following: price stability, stable real growth, financial stability, interest rate and exchange stability. Each will be shortly discussed with regard to its importance for the central bank and the wider economy. Stable real growth is an objective of some central banks. A central bank can through independence from politic al processes and a consistent policy promotes economic stability and decreases uncertainty and fluctuations in economic growth rates (Cechetti & Schoenholtz, 2011, Chapter 15). A central bank may insulate an economy from business cycles through independence by ensuring the long – run growth potential is promoted, so that fluctuations in growth rates do not occur, or are minimized (Cechetti & Schoenholtz, 2011, Chapter 15). The long – run growth potential is determined by factors such as capital stock, the size of the capital stock and labor force size (Cechetti & Schoenholtz, 2011, Chapter 15). However, active monetary policy is no longer favored by most central banks. Since effects of

Crossing to Safety and The Sweet Hereafter Essay Example for Free

Crossing to Safety and The Sweet Hereafter Essay The long summer has led me to produce a few thoughts on the assigned summer reading. While reading the books The Sweet Hereafter and Crossing to Safety I have discovered the importance of first person. By comparing the books I have found how the first person viewpoint relates to the characters, the action, and how the novels differ by author in their style of writing. The Sweet Hereafter has an interesting approach to sending us on a journey through the story. By having four narrators we get to see all the angles around the main event. One narration in particular, Billy Ansel, gives us an eye witness account of the featured action in the novel. The swerve off the road to the right, the skid, the smashing of the guard rail and the snow bank; and then the tilted angled plummet down the embankment to the sand pit, where, moving fast and somehow still upright, the bus slid across the ice to the far side; and then the ice letting go and the rear half of the yellow bus being swallowed at once by the freezing blue green water. Here we see how the first person can be used for action sequences. Because Billy Ansel was the only eyewitness, it is imperative that Russell Banks puts in his account in his own words, thoughts and feelings. Using the first person is one way to depict action, but it is also an efficient way to describe characters. Wallace Stegner takes a drastically different approach to his novel Crossing to Safety. The book is primarily told through the eyes of Larry Morgan. Throughout the book we get Larrys thoughts and feelings on events and happenings from beginning to end. Wallace Stegner uses Larrys character to describe the other characters and issues. Charity I was prepared for more or less-the fine narrow head, the drawn back hair, the vivid face, the greetings that managed to be excitedly personal even while she was dividing them among eight of us. but right then, in her doorway, crying greeting, she looked simply tall, beautiful, exotic and exuberant. These excerpts are a good example of Stegners use of the first person to describe a character as Larry saw it. Wallace does a good job of making sure not to overindulge the reader with pointless details and leaves the description short and sweet. Banks and Stegner both use the first person to tell their tales, but it is evident that their traits and s tyles vary significantly. Banks and Stegner have almost two completely different approaches to their novels. Russel Banks broke his story into four character chapters where we see one angle on the tragedy and surrounding events. By doing so, Banks invokes a different feeling from the book. Russell makes it seem as if the characters are actually talking to the reader, as if they were right across from you telling the story. The use of dialect and vocabulary also give the story a personal touch, to continue the exclusive feeling. Wallace Stegner uses one main character to take us through the book, inserting thoughts and dialogue when necessary. Wallace uses the first person viewpoint very differently than Banks. While reading Crossing to Safety it emits the feeling that the reader is actually there in the scene, watching it all take place as the story goes on. Stegner makes the book feel more like a movie than a story because of his vast descriptiveness in every scene and thought. Wallace makes the story flow s lowly building to climax whereas Banks has short thoughts with a peak at every turn of the page. The Sweet Hereafter and Crossing to Safety are both very-well written books and deserve the credit they get. While both books encompass the first person point of view, it all comes down to the personal choice of the reader, the literary connoisseur. Works Cited Stegner, Wallace. Crossing to Safety. New York, 1987. Banks, Russell. The Sweet Hereafter. New York, NY, 1991.

Cause and Effect Essay - Factory Farms Cause Sickness and Pollution

Cause and Effect Essay - Factory Farms Cause Sickness and Pollution There is little doubt that animals raised on small-scale diverse farms are apt to be healthier. When allowed to range freely, particularly in organically maintained yards and pastures, they receive more exercise, their diet is more varied and they are exposed to commensal bacteria that help exclude, and build resistance to, harmful pathogens. Some organic practitioners also argue that free-ranging animals actively seek out plants with medicinal properties that can build their resistance to illness, When Livestock production is carried out on a scale that suits the global market, however, huge numbers of animals are kept in tightly confined conditions, and the potential for disease outbreaks is much higher.. The important considerations of animal welfare aside, these methods lead to the rampant use of antibiotics, which poses a significant health risk, not only for the livestock, but for consumers as well, since antibiotic residues can remain in meat and milk. Roughly half the 25,000 tonnes of antibiotics produced in the United States are used in the raising of animals for human consumption. There are other reasons for concern about the overuse of antibiotics in giant livestock operations. Some 40 to 80 percent of the antibiotics used in farming are thought to be unnecessary even under factory conditions, as 80 percent of their use is as a preventative measure and for growth promotion. Overuse has already rendered some drugs ineffective and may even make some strains of bacteria untreatable. According to the Public Health Laboratory Service in Britain, a new strain of salmonella that first appeared in the United Kingdom in 1990 is re... ...rom practices all too common among industrial pig operations: transporting animals in contaminated vehicles and feeding them waste food containing infected meat. Problems like these are an inherent part of a food system that is so large that companies can increase their profits by millions of dollars simply by saving a few cents on each animal ¹s feed, or by using chemicals or processing methods that reduce costs by a fraction of a percent. We all want safe, healthy food, but we cannot rely on the global food system to provide it. The corporate food chain has grown so long and the distance between producers and consumers so vast that no one can really know how their food was grown, how it was processed, and how it was treated during its long travels. Only by localising and reducing the scale of our food systems can we once again trust the food we eat.

Modern Language Association Essay

The Modern Language Association (MLA) format is the most used format in doing papers especially with Liberal Arts and Humanities subjects (Purdue Owl). This format is based primarily on the author’s name and page number format. But before we start discussing how to cite sources, we must first learn how to properly format the paper using MLA. According to the OWL at Purdue website, the paper size should be a standard 8. 5 x 11 inches with 1-inch margin on all sides. The paper should be double-spaced using a formal font style such as Times New Roman in 12 pts. On all pages of the paper, a header that includes the last name of the owner of the paper and page numbers should be placed. The first lines of the paper should be indented to the left and one line apart: First and Last Name of the owner of the paper, name of professor, Subject/Course, and the date. Once these things are set up, the paper could now be officially started; the title of the paper should be at the center one line following the date (Purdue Owl). There are two basic ways of doing an in-text citation using MLA format. The first is using signal phrases — naming the author first in the sentence and then placing in parentheses the page number where the citation came from after the cited words. The second is including the last name of the author in the parenthetical citation, written before the page number and without any marks between them. If a particular source has no author mentioned, there are also two ways on how to properly cite the material. First is to use the title of the work as a signal phrase or place a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citation. In case of sources where an organization can be used as the source, use the name of the organization as if it was the author. If page numbers are missing, like in web sites, just include the name of the author, again, either as a signal phrase or a parenthetical citation (â€Å"MLA in-text citations† 2).

Lord of the Flies Essay

Throughout literature we have seen different characters struggling with their inner evil. That inner evil can be brought out by a trigger incident or environment which drastically affects a character’s nature. In the Lord of the Flies, being marooned on the island brings out the evil and savage side in the children. It is shown through their disregard for social norms, merciless killings, and lastly turning on each other. In Lord of the Flies, the boys let out their inner beasts by showing no regard for social norms, remorseless killings and turning on each other. At the beginning of the novel they did not lose sight of social norms. As they find that they are alone on the island, no adults anywhere, they realize the importance of democracy and order in a place where there are no rules. â€Å"I agree with Ralph. We’ve got to have rules and obey them after all, we’re not savages†¦ † (Golding, 47) This statement is said by Jack, who is addressing the crowd of boys during an assembly. This statement shows that in the beginning before any talk of a â€Å"beastie†, they understood that they needed some order, some form of government that would provide them with safety and tools for survival. Jack’s words later prove ironic because he is the one to disobey Ralph and turn his back on the rules. By ignoring the rules and their government, he leaves the civilized tribe to form a tribe with the demented rules of the wild. As the story unfolds, they slowly move away from their government. â€Å"You see Ralph your conch doesn’t work on this side of the island† (Golding, 195). The symbol of their democracy is the â€Å"talisman, the fragile, shining beauty of the shell. † (Golding, 200) It was used to call together the boys to hold an assembly to discuss the troubling issues being made clear by Jack’s hunters. When Jack says this, he proved that the hold of democracy is fading away as they became more savage. Toward the end of the novel, the democracy is destroyed and nonexistent, and the conch is shattered. â€Å"The conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist† (Golding, 200). This moment is very symbolic because it represents the downfall of any sort of order among the children. Without any form of government the laws that had once applied in their homeland, England, have no power on the island, and in turn lead to the boys encountering their inner evils by ignoring those laws. During the book we see that they develop a fascination and desire with blood and hunting which later lead to shameless killings. First, there is an attempt of killing a pig which drives Jack to hunt again â€Å"You cut a pig’s throat to let the blood out,† said Jack, â€Å"otherwise you can’t eat the meat. † â€Å"Why didn’t you ­? † They knew very well why he hadn’t: because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh; because of the unbearable blood. â€Å"I was going to,† said Jack. He was ahead of them and they could not see his face. I was choosing a place. Next time ­! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Next time there would be no mercy. † (Golding, 33-34) After this encounter with the pig, Jack was obsessed with hunting and killing this pig. When Jack and the group of hunters find a sow with her piglets, they are thrilled. This time it was for more than just food, their killing of this sow was brutish and vicious. It is described â€Å"†¦ the sow staggered her way ahead of them, bleeding and mad, and the hunters followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood. â€Å"The sow collapsed under them and they were heavy and fulfilled upon her. † (Golding, 149) This sow was a symbol of an innocent being killed, she was a mother. She had children to look after, and the hunters deprived the piglets of their mother. The killing of Simon was done out of fear of the beast and in the darkness of the night. â€Å"At once the crowd surged after it, poured down the rock, leapt on the beast, screamed, struck, bit, tore. There were no words, and no movements but the tearing of teeth and claws. (Golding, 168) The imagery used in this chapter is that of an animal, by using teeth and claws to describe how cruel this killing was, showing that they have truly becoming animal like and savage. Through this event it seems as they grow more savage they become a little more afraid and desperate. The murder of Piggy is not as violent as that of the sow and Simon. â€Å"Piggy fell forty feet and landed on his back across hat square, red rock in the sea. His head opened and stuff came out and turned red. Piggy’s arms and legs twitched a bit, like a pig’s after it was killed. (Golding, 200) Piggy was killed by Roger, who was throwing rocks, which knocked him off the cliff. The savage tribe ignored what Piggy had said about choosing sides, â€Å"Which is better – to be a pack of painted [Indians] like you are, or to be sensible like Ralph is†¦. Which is better – to have laws and agree, or to hunt and kill? † (Golding, 199) By Piggy saying this, it got Roger upset, because he had critized his chief and their tribe. When Roger was a part of the civilized tribe, he conditioned his arm to shoot and miss â€Å"Yet there was a space round Henry, perhaps six yards in diameter, into which he [Roger] dare not throw. Here, invisible yet strong, was the taboo of the old life†¦ Roger’s arm was conditioned by a civilization that knew nothing of him and was in ruins. † (Golding, 67) As he became more savage, he had lost the conditioning and the restraint he once had to hurting someone, which is shown through his actions. They were fearful, ignorant, and desperate and with that comes violence, they felt no remorse for their actions only pride and hatred. This also proved that through killing they let out their inner beast. In the beginning, they are not physically turning on each other, they used verbal abuse to belittle those who are younger or had no power. There are three groups of people who are frequently abused, the â€Å"littluns†, Piggy and Simon. Piggy was the major victim, Jack and the rest of the children would frequently name call him, tease him and laugh at him. â€Å"Oh, shut up! † â€Å"I got the conch,† said Piggy, in a hurt voice. â€Å"I got the right to speak† (Golding, 49) they found him amusing, for they felt he spoke of nonsense. Jack, as chief, decided to tie up Wilfred and beat him. â€Å"He’s going to beat Wilfred. † â€Å"What for? † â€Å"†¦ I don’t know. He didn’t say. He got angry and made us tie Wilfred up. He’s been†-he giggled excitedly-â€Å"he’s been tied for hours, waiting-. † For no apparent reason, Jack wanted to torture Wilfred, maybe to reassert himself as chief and gain more followers. The last example of turning on each other in Lord of the Flies is the burning of the jungle to trap and kill Ralph. â€Å"He swerved as a spear flew past and then was silent, running. All at once the lights flickering ahead of him merged together, the roar of the forest rose to thunder and a tall bush directly in his path burst into a fan-shaped flame. † (Golding, 220)In order to capture Ralph, Jack set the jungle alight to draw him out, and kill him. This is also an example of their want to hunt and kill, and in order to be rid of order and civilization Jack had to kill Ralph, but he had not succeed. In order to have peace among the children, they all needed to be supportive and understanding, but they were cruel and hurtful to each other. This proves that thought their consequential actions, that were both cruel and unusual, turning on one another allowed the children act savage and unleash their inner evil. In the novel Lord of the Flies the children discover their inner evil by forgetting social norms, senseless and remorseless killings and lastly by turning on each other. Thought a series of events the children show these qualities that prove once and for all that all people, young and old have the ability to be savage and evil. In this particular novel, these boys encounter their inner evil by the influence of fear, ignorance, and desperation.

Financial Management Essays

Financial Management Essays Financial Management Essay Financial Management Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: : Instructor: Date: Financial Management DuPont Return on Assets is a ratio on the relationship between the net income, sales, and the total assets of a company. The ratio aims at measuring the return on equity, ROE. The aim of calculating the DuPont return on assets to compare the sales or revenue generated to the net income. The ratio is used for showing the impact of assets turnover and the profit margin. The ratio can indicate the efficiency of the company at using its total assets in generating revenues or sales. The ration is also referred to as return on investments, since assets are considered the investments of the owners of the company (Gibson, 2010). The formula of return on assets is as shown below DuPont return on assets == Net Profit ? Net Sales Net Sales ? Total Assets Using this formula, the return on assets for Megaframe Computer can be calculated with ease considering the figures needed for the calculation are provided in their financial statements. Megaframe return on assets == $100,800 ? $ 720,000 $ 720,000 ? $ $ 410,000 == 26% The DuPont return on assets from Megaframe Computer Co. to the nearest whole percentage is 26%. This means that the company is generating using its total assets to generate sales by 26%. For this ratio, the higher the percentage recorded, the more efficient the company is able to generate sales using its assets. Thus, in order to interpret the results well, Megaframe Computer Co. would need to consider its return on assets for the previous years to find out whether the company is improving or going down in terms of generating sales using its assets. The ratio enables the stockholders to ways in which returns on their investment would be affected when there are changes in operations, use of assets, or even the capital structure (Godwin Alderman, 2010). Thus, when the return on assets according to the DuPont method reduces, it will indicate that the company is not using its assets, as it should. Thus, the ratio serves to indicate the health of the company in terms of its effectiveness in directing the resources to drive sales further. References Gibson, C.H. (2010). Financial Reporting and Analysis: Using Financial Accounting Information (Book Only). New York, NY: Cengage Learning Godwin, N.H., Alderman, C.W. (2010). Financial ACCT 2010. New York, NY: Cengage Learning

Whatever Essays - Fiction, Film, The Walt Disney Company

Whatever Essays - Fiction, Film, The Walt Disney Company Whatever him seem naive and as Scar said from the very beginning gifted with more brawn then brains. In the Little Mermaid, Ursula is the villain. She is an octopus who appears to have been educated in Oxford as opposed to living under the sea her whole life. Again, we see a villain with a regal air. Although she is not visually appealing and has a more robust form than most traditional villains, she is cunning in her own way. The movie never really established her former relationship with Triton the king of the sea. It simply implied that there was an incident for which she was cast from the kingd Bibliography kjgh ijg

Tentacle - Definition of Tentacle

Tentacle - Definition of Tentacle Definition When used in a zoological context, the term tentacle refers to a slender, elongated, flexible organ that grows near the mouth of an animal. Tentacles are most common in invertebrates, although they are present in some vertebrates as well. Tentacles serve a variety of functions and can help the animal to move, feed, grasp objects, and gather sensory information. Examples of invertebrates that possess tentacles include squid, cuttlefish, bryozoa, snails, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Examples of vertebrates that posses tentacles include caecilians and star-nosed moles. Tentacles belong to a group of biological structures known as muscular hydrostats. Muscular hydrostats consist mostly of muscle tissue and lack skeletal support. The fluid in a muscular hydrostat is contained within the muscle cells, not in an internal cavity. Examples of muscular hydrostats include the foot of a snail, the body of a worm, a human tongue, an elephant trunk, and octopus arms. One important clarification should be noted about the term tentacle- although tentacles are muscular hydrostats, not all muscular hydrostats are tentacles. This means that the eight limbs of an octopus (which are muscular hydrostats) are not tentacles; they are arms. When used in a botanical context, the term tentacle refers to the sensitive hairs on the leaves of some plants, such as carnivorous plants.

CNN Center in Atlanta Georgia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CNN Center in Atlanta Georgia - Essay Example The CNN Center is not alone in this character, being surrounded by the Centennial Olympic Park, Georgia World Congress Center, Georgia Dome, Philips Arena, SciTrek, the Civic Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta Contemporary Art Center and the Fox Theatre making Atlanta a destination for tourists and ideal for holding international conferences. The Downtown Atlanta, now a neighbor hood full of life where the CNN Center is located, was once a crime-ridden locality frequented as a workspace during the day, but a place where even the local populace feared to tread after the dark. Jon Waterhouse in his article â€Å"Pufnstuf and Witchiepoo, too† tells us the story of ‘The Omni International Complex’ which was setup in 1972 by Maurice Alpert and Tom Cousins of Alpert Investment Corp and Cousins Properties respectively, to economically boost this area, with shops, multi-screen movie theatre, restaurants and boutiques and an ice-skating rink in its atrium to attract people along with the usual official spaces. In 1976 an indoor amusement park named â€Å"The World of Sid Marty Krofft† to further the same purpose, which failed however and the park shut down only six months from its opening. Accounting for the failure of such an innovative venture, Executive Vice President of the Omni International, Sal De Pace declared â€Å"†¦ the whole Omni complex itself was eight years before its time, instead of opening in 1976, we should've opened in 1984 or '85†. It may be said that an intervention to change the situation of such a locality could not have been successful alone and without timely support from the government. Later however similar endeavors were successful and the locality was transformed into the recreational and commercial hub of the city. The total no of residents grew from 2 million to 4 million between 1980 and 2000 The New Georgia Encyclopedia gives us an interesting account of the historical changes that sh aped Atlanta’s economy and its image today. The changing demographics of Atlanta between 1980 and 2000 have influenced its development in many ways. The city experienced a growth of 2 million people, which was accompanied by a boost in the commercial and corporate sectors. As the economy developed political leaders were able to enliven the ‘Atlanta Spirit’ in the citizens which helped them heighten their ideals for the future of the city. This period experienced an explosion in the economy relating to the tourism and convention industries in the city. Cafe’s, bars and shopping complexes were promoted, sport facilities created, existing corporate sector started opening up to public providing entertainment Coca-Cola museum and the CNN center studio tour. In the context with the progression of Atlanta, the downtown opened up its spaces for expanding all that could help put Atlanta out there with the other big cities of the world. Atlanta ranked 3rd in Convent ion business in 1972, with more than 3 million people attending conventions here, which was assisted by the expansion of centers like Civic Center, Georgia World Congress Center and Merchandise and Apparel Mart and resulted in the promotion of local high end business like CNN. These activities together with administrative measures turned the downtown area from a crime-ridden and gloomy part of the city to a hustling bustling and attractive city center which is now a business and tourist magnet. It was in the late 1980’

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT Essay - 1

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES - Essay Example Building is a form of service that is offered to the clients and the quality of the service offered depends on the ability of both the people and the organization to harmoniously work towards the attainment of the goals set by the organization. People or the organization’s human resources are a very integral part of the organization. They operate and run the machinery and carry out the roles that the machines can not do. The people are even more important when it comes to the built environment since the nature of the work is manual and the people directly offer services to the clients. People are a core resource in every organization. It is always important to fully understand these people and more so get to know how well they are able to interact with the organizational structures in totality. This is a very important aspect and highly contributes to the success of the organization. Watson, Tony J. (1994).This process of understanding the people in the organization is able to explain best the relationship that exists between the organization and its people in a building environment. Understanding the people is important as it is able to unearth the social and managerial functions that may affect the behaviour and the attitudes of the people working in the organization. This in turn may affect the performance as well as the effectiveness of the organization, Willcocks, Leslie and Jenny Harrow (1992). Understanding the people helps in exploring the on the most effective ways of improving the organizational effectiveness and performance. The principles of management are of importance to my profession because they lay the guidelines to successful management. Waterhouse, Mike and Geoff, C., (1995): The fourteen principles highlight the guidelines that managers need to follow in their actions and decision making process. These include; 1. The division of work; When people in the

Bioinspired tough structures Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Bioinspired tough structures - Literature review Example Their self-organization is also a contributing factor to the mechanical properties of biological materials together with the manner in which the structures are assembled at the molecular level. Nacre is one of the iridescent layer found in most mollusk shells. It has a high amount of mineral that makes it tough and also stiff. The toughness of nacre is three times harder than its mineral constituents. Nacre has thus become a biomimetic model due to this property since it is the only material with an enormous amplification of its toughness. In this work, different bio-inspired materials shall be analyzed basing on the mechanical and structural properties. The development process of various types of artificial shell will also be analyzed. It is expected that Nacre mineral constituent are in microscopic polygonal tablets and has an ability to slide over one another when loaded under tension. This property has made nacre become a quasi-ductile material with significantly increased toughness and damage tolerance. Natural and biological materials can depict a considerable combination of stiffness, strength, toughness and even low weight which cannot be matched by artificial materials. For this reason, researchers are turning to nature for different design of artificial structures. The high-performance structural materials produced by nature inspires the scientist in the natural design. Also their ability to combine the building blocks and even amplify its properties (Xia, 2015). Nacre currently serves as a sole biomimetic model in the new generation of composite materials. Nacre found in the mollusk shell serves to protect the soft body parts against the harsh environment and the predators. These shells are highly mineralized tissues with at least 95% of it being mineral content. As a result, they have high stiffness and hardness.

Critical review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Critical review - Essay Example Moreover, the changing of the traditional balance sheet by conceptual frameworks from a legal to an economic institution required that both assets and liabilities are economically viable, which could only be guaranteed by fair practices in accounting. Finally, fair value became integral in the development and transformation of professional and regulatory identity for those that are involved in the setting of standards. Power therefore stresses that for fair values in accounting to be successful, there is need to understand such parameters such as measurement, reliability, financial economics, accounting policy and the different financial instruments. Power addresses the reasons as to why there was need to change into fair practices in accounting and its significance arguing that it did not just come up because of forensic analysis of the developments in the financial market. The reason for the transformation to fair practices is due to the contest between fundamentally different accounting concepts in terms of reliability majorly based on market-based and marketing simulation that competes with the traditional transaction-based model. He draws summaries on fair value and the distinctive notion of accounting and therefore reliability as articulated before the financial crisis of 2007 emerged. Power further deals with the rise of financial economics as a challenge and an important cultural resource for financial accounting stating that the preconditions for fair value can only be achieved through open-minded delivery of decision significance for accounting that must take into consideration the market dynamics. To him, the problem in accounting practice for derivatives many a times pose a great challenge on the credibility of accounting, but may at times work in catalysing the appreciation of the importance of fair value and reliability as required of accounting. Power also states that the de-legalization of the traditional

Poverty and Welfare in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poverty and Welfare in America - Essay Example She says that many a times they miss food and it at tall they have something to eat; they skip the meals to accommodate the family income. Tyler 12, her brother says that they do not get balanced diet. They often take cereals without milk. They is a case that is only possible in a situation where there is no sufficient family income to support proper nutrition in the family. Children sometimes are forced to do odd jobs to supplement on the little family income (Becker, 187). Kaylier and Tyler’s mother struggle and most of her earnings cannot even pay for their monthly expenses. Their mother, Barbara earns $ 1,480 a month. Out of this amount, $ 1,326 goes to the rent and their monthly utilities leaving them with an amount that can barely take care of their meals even for one week. Kaylie therefore sees the struggle and the toil of his mother. He therefore opt to collect cans for a price to supplement on their income to at least sustain them. Kaylie miss school so much because o f the condition and the situation their family is in. he does not get enough time to concentrate in school. Worst of it, he does not even go to school regularly due to their family financial strain. The poor state of families springs fear in children because when they cannot pay their bills, it bothers them because they can become homeless and continue in the worsened state of starvation. Brittany, a 9-year-old girl reflects and remembers prettily well how her father lost his job. This condition set the beginning of their problems. They started hoping from relatives to relatives who could not cordially accommodate them due to their equal financial constrains. The tragedy that befell their father saw them into loosing most of their property. Rodgers, Brittany’s brother reflects regretfully how they were feeling good. They could pay their bills and afford their meals: the course meals a day, to a position where they are left homeless with nothing to eat and nowhere to stay. In poor kids, it come to the knowledge of the family that Brittany’s mother was expectant and she goes into a wonder how they would manage to care for the infant when they could not even manage their bill (Becker, 139). This is a situation, which their mother responds to with, the assuredly of survival: adapting to survive in the midst of difficulty without hope of a better life. The prevailing situation in America according to the movie warrants the government to expand its programs of helping the needy and its poor citizens. It bits logics when citizens are going hungry in the same state with a government of the people and for the people. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that its citizens get sufficient food. According to the documentary, children are unable to go to school because of the financial constrain of the family. By expanding the welfare that helps the needy, because by investing into the education of children, the nation promotes its future. The government invests into its future asset just by educating the children a government that does not invest in the well being of everybody risks the future prosperity. According to the views of Yuval and Irwin, the welfare state has grown obsolete. The government cannot effectively take care of its people. This is because the economy of the country is strained to an extent that the government of the day cannot meet its expenses. Every citizen depends on the taxes that are paid to the government. This overdependence makes the government to

Advanced financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advanced financial Accounting - Essay Example However, certain facts about accounting standards, and what they have achieved or failed to achieve, are behind the scepticism of some professionals who question the need for accounting standards. A brief look at these circumstances might be in order before proceeding further. Perhaps the most important among these is the spate of financial misrepresentations, and the fraudulent approaches that could be adopted by large and reputed organizations such as Enron, Worldcom and Arthur Anderson in spite of the existence of these standards. If expenses can be misstated in spite of standards, and the cautious investor has to look behind the published figures in any case, what purpose do accounting standards serve? The answer to this question lies in the fact that in the absence of accounting standards such misrepresentation would acquire legal status at least in some cases. The solution therefore is not to avoid accounting standards altogether but to strengthen them. One of the lacunae in the existing accounting standards is the lack of uniformity among various sets of standards followed nationally in various countries. With increasing globalisation, more and more organizations are exposed to multi-national working and require a common framework for financial reporting. Moreover, even in cases of national reporting most accounting standards have a number of weaknesses. For example, many accounting standards, including the one by US Financial Accounting Standards Board, are rules oriented, while the need of the day seems to be principle based accounting. Yet another issue is the inadequacy of accounting standards by themselves to prevent the occurrence of fraud as has been witnessed in several cases around the world. This, however, is understandable, as accounting standards are not a panacea for all evils related to financial reporting but are to be taken only as guidelines

Poverty and Welfare in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poverty and Welfare in America - Essay Example She says that many a times they miss food and it at tall they have something to eat; they skip the meals to accommodate the family income. Tyler 12, her brother says that they do not get balanced diet. They often take cereals without milk. They is a case that is only possible in a situation where there is no sufficient family income to support proper nutrition in the family. Children sometimes are forced to do odd jobs to supplement on the little family income (Becker, 187). Kaylier and Tyler’s mother struggle and most of her earnings cannot even pay for their monthly expenses. Their mother, Barbara earns $ 1,480 a month. Out of this amount, $ 1,326 goes to the rent and their monthly utilities leaving them with an amount that can barely take care of their meals even for one week. Kaylie therefore sees the struggle and the toil of his mother. He therefore opt to collect cans for a price to supplement on their income to at least sustain them. Kaylie miss school so much because o f the condition and the situation their family is in. he does not get enough time to concentrate in school. Worst of it, he does not even go to school regularly due to their family financial strain. The poor state of families springs fear in children because when they cannot pay their bills, it bothers them because they can become homeless and continue in the worsened state of starvation. Brittany, a 9-year-old girl reflects and remembers prettily well how her father lost his job. This condition set the beginning of their problems. They started hoping from relatives to relatives who could not cordially accommodate them due to their equal financial constrains. The tragedy that befell their father saw them into loosing most of their property. Rodgers, Brittany’s brother reflects regretfully how they were feeling good. They could pay their bills and afford their meals: the course meals a day, to a position where they are left homeless with nothing to eat and nowhere to stay. In poor kids, it come to the knowledge of the family that Brittany’s mother was expectant and she goes into a wonder how they would manage to care for the infant when they could not even manage their bill (Becker, 139). This is a situation, which their mother responds to with, the assuredly of survival: adapting to survive in the midst of difficulty without hope of a better life. The prevailing situation in America according to the movie warrants the government to expand its programs of helping the needy and its poor citizens. It bits logics when citizens are going hungry in the same state with a government of the people and for the people. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that its citizens get sufficient food. According to the documentary, children are unable to go to school because of the financial constrain of the family. By expanding the welfare that helps the needy, because by investing into the education of children, the nation promotes its future. The government invests into its future asset just by educating the children a government that does not invest in the well being of everybody risks the future prosperity. According to the views of Yuval and Irwin, the welfare state has grown obsolete. The government cannot effectively take care of its people. This is because the economy of the country is strained to an extent that the government of the day cannot meet its expenses. Every citizen depends on the taxes that are paid to the government. This overdependence makes the government to

Introduction about Drones and Seattle Police's Drones Essay

Introduction about Drones and Seattle Police's Drones - Essay Example The ones used for attacking enemy lines have recently been a part of war on terrorism where they are used to figure out enemies on the ground and then they are used to eliminate these enemies. The ones used for surveillance purposes have been used both domestically and internationally for security purposes. For example: recently the state of Seattle purchased two drones each costing a total of $41,000 (Clarridge, 2012). These drones are under the testing phase and are controlled by the police department of Seattle. These drones have been adopted by the police department for the purpose of surveillance and these drones have cameras along with infrared eye attached to it. There are various benefits of using drones, these include: they are in expensive, they save lives and they provide a competitive advantage to the side that is using them (Benjamin 18). Clarridge, Christine. "Police Department demonstrates new drone, to help allay concerns | Local News | The Seattle Times." The Seattle Times | News, sports, weather, events in the Northwest. N.p., 27 Apr. 2012. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.

Consider the View That Only Form Matters When Properly Appreciating Art Essay Example for Free

Consider the View That Only Form Matters When Properly Appreciating Art Essay Art appreciation is the understanding of the timeless qualities that characterise all great art, and personally i feel is a subjective matter; what I find aesthetically pleasing may not apply to everyone else. There are many reasons why we value art; because it informs us, because of its expressive quality, and because of its artistic quality. In this case, the latter is being discussed, that good art is good because of aesthetic enjoyment of form, the balance and structure and proportion. Its argued that content is not important, just the formal qualities make it good art, for example Jackson Pollock, his work is based on lines and colours and is valued very highly, therefore content is irellevant. However the view that art should be valued for its expressive qualities or catharsis as Aristotle called it; the emotional purging and cleansing. He believed people watched tragedies to make themselves emotional and upset but in a way happy, as they then have purged any negative emotion they had. If art was merely something that caused emotion it would be trivial, but the fact that art can convey something that is transcendent lies its value. However the argument that forms matters shows us that anything can trigger emotions such as pity or fear, without having to be art, but formal qualities are unique. Many people value art becuase it can inform us, we value it if it is true to nature or to life. Platos imitation theory applies here, that all artists are merely copying the form so it can not be good art, but all perceptual experience involves interpretation, so there is nothing to copy. Great historical paintings can give us visual knowledge of certain points in time, but limitations with this is that anything can inform us without being art, a book can inform us but isnt art. This ability to inform us is not what make sus appreciate it but the artistic qualities it holds; the forms, is what makes us appreciate it. But then there is the argument that form is not enough, by itself, to keep the auidence captured as beauty alone is not enough. That there has to be content to appreciate it such as a meaning, a story behind it, form lacks this ability. I personally believe that when appreciating art, form does matter. It makes a piece of art unique but i also belive that it solely matters, i appreciate its informative qualities and its expressive ones, so a good piece of artwork for me, should contain all three qualities.

Free Essays - The Controlling Men of The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The Controlling Men of The Awakening In The Awakening, the male characters attempt to exert control over the character of Edna. None of the men understand her need for independence. Edna thinks she will find true love with Robert but realizes that he will never understand her needs to be an independent woman. Edna's father and husband control her and they feel she has a specific duty as a woman. Alcee Arobin, also attempts to control Edna in his own way. Edna knows she wants freedom. She realizes this at the beginning of the book. "Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her (Pg. 642). Throughout The Awakening she is trying to gain that independence that she wants so bad. The Colonel, Edna's father, is very strict. He thinks very highly of discipline. At the end of The Awakening, Edna feels the struggle she has with her father. "Edna heard her father's voice and her sister Margaret's" (Pg 723). At this moment, Edna wants freedom. She wants freedom from the life that has her trapped to be someone she isn't. The Colonel thought that Mr. Pontellier should be more controlling over Edna. "You are too lenient, too lenient by far, Leonce. Authority and coercion are what is needed. Put your foot down good and hard; the only way to manage a wife. Take my word for it" (Pg. 688). Edna does everything around the house when the Colonel comes to visit because she doesn't want him to think she isn't playing her role as a woman in the family. "She would not permit a servant or one of the children to do anything for him which she might do herself" (Pg. 687). Leonce Pontellier believes women should live only for their families' well-being. "He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mother's place to look after children, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands full with his brokerage business" (Pg. 637). Mr. Pontellier never thinks for a minute that it is also his responsibility to take care of the children. Free Essays - The Controlling Men of The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays The Controlling Men of The Awakening In The Awakening, the male characters attempt to exert control over the character of Edna. None of the men understand her need for independence. Edna thinks she will find true love with Robert but realizes that he will never understand her needs to be an independent woman. Edna's father and husband control her and they feel she has a specific duty as a woman. Alcee Arobin, also attempts to control Edna in his own way. Edna knows she wants freedom. She realizes this at the beginning of the book. "Mrs. Pontellier was beginning to realize her position in the universe as a human being, and to recognize her relations as an individual to the world within and about her (Pg. 642). Throughout The Awakening she is trying to gain that independence that she wants so bad. The Colonel, Edna's father, is very strict. He thinks very highly of discipline. At the end of The Awakening, Edna feels the struggle she has with her father. "Edna heard her father's voice and her sister Margaret's" (Pg 723). At this moment, Edna wants freedom. She wants freedom from the life that has her trapped to be someone she isn't. The Colonel thought that Mr. Pontellier should be more controlling over Edna. "You are too lenient, too lenient by far, Leonce. Authority and coercion are what is needed. Put your foot down good and hard; the only way to manage a wife. Take my word for it" (Pg. 688). Edna does everything around the house when the Colonel comes to visit because she doesn't want him to think she isn't playing her role as a woman in the family. "She would not permit a servant or one of the children to do anything for him which she might do herself" (Pg. 687). Leonce Pontellier believes women should live only for their families' well-being. "He reproached his wife with her inattention, her habitual neglect of the children. If it was not a mother's place to look after children, whose on earth was it? He himself had his hands full with his brokerage business" (Pg. 637). Mr. Pontellier never thinks for a minute that it is also his responsibility to take care of the children.

Essay --

The ability to detect remote sensing has made great strides over the past few decades. Mars has been a major center of speculation and inquisition during these studies. By using Remote sensing, scientists are able to view, analyze, hypothesis, and gain better understanding of what can be detected on and under the surface of Mars. In 2006 Baldassare Bartolo published work that suggested that remote sensing is the act of gaining information about an object/phenomenon without making any actual physical contact. Remote sensing is most commonly used with aerial sensor technologies in order to detect and classify the objects on Earth via signals (electromagnetic radiation emitted from aircraft and/or satellites) (Bartolo 2006). The process of how the remote sensing works has been modified and improved over the past few years into what we use today on earth as well as on the various Mars exploration missions. Remote sensing works with energy. Scientists have found that remote sensing works because all objects on the earth emit an electromagnetic energy (Chee, 2008). The energy includes a visible light and other radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum (Bartolo 2006, Anderson 2013). The portion of the spectrum that is visible to the human eye is tightly limited to wavelengths in the 0.4 micrometre (â€Å"blue†) to 0.7 micrometre (â€Å"red†) range. Just past the red end of the spectrum is the infrared region and it’s subdivisions that are reflected by the earth's surface, and thermal infrared given by the objects (Plaza et al. 2009). Researchers have been able to develop different sensors and cameras that are able to detect and record the energy being transmitted from earths surface. These cameras and sensors on satellites relay th... ...ut the researchers hypothesis states that the small amount of hydrogen is likely to be more chemically bound to the minerals in the soil, than in the form of water ice (Dartnell 2013, Ezell 2004). Therefore, with having water ice at the poles and water in the surface rocks, it is far more likely for the various carved channels to be formed from a liquid than that of lava (granted there are lava channels as well.) By observing images, researchers are able to speculate how the channels formed by simply comparing it to the conditions on earth. Water erodes away sediment and leaves specific clues to look for. Researchers will continue unveiling what is on and under the Red Planet's surface with new and improved methods. They will be able to use remote sensing and other means to gain better knowledge of the exact conditions of what lies above and underneath the surface.

Effect of supply and demand and gas in our lifetime Essay

Oil has been an integral socio-economic vehicle which within the corporate scene remains a highly competitive socio-economic driver. Due to vast uses and demand, oil has become controversial and elastic in socio-politics. Here we see it causing socio constraints in oil producing countries and collapsing political institutions. Socially oil has a significant contribution in our general lifestyle. It has a comparative role within the context of mobility and industrial function where it is used in factories as well as in institutions which use combustive machinery. It is a determinant of economic prowess of a country. It plays a major role in research and advancement of power generation and use of bio fuels to ease environmental pollution. Gas is valuable in our lives based on the fact that it eases the burden of power use in cooking and within many socio institutions especially within our families. Gas also has been highly competitive and still remains so with many countries seeking to sustain demand. Recently European countries grappled with Russian company Gazprom over supply of gas when the company threatened to cut supplies. This paper reflects on the major effects of oil and gas on our lives in various aspects of socio-economics and its profundity. This profundity establishes the oil and gas use and contribution to socio-economics and politics. This analytical review covers environmental, political and research contributions, so as to keep sustenance of the same at per with developments in the technological trends within our lives which drain energy resources and adversely effect socio-economic stability. Contribution to socio economics Economic growth is dependent on energy resources. Energy supply within the development perspectives of a nation deplete economic recession and create more apertures for industrial progression in the nation. The distribution of resources within this economic perspective contributes to social –economic growth due to the dissemination of the resources made and gained from the industrial progression. Socio-economic progress is what supports the constituents of the society, namely the family. Most families own vehicles, machinery and combustive equipment that require oil to run them. They own various oil consuming devices like generators which they use to get power and run their daily activities. This perspective of integrating resources based on oil based contribution and importance is indicative of the pivotal role oil plays in the economic progression of a nation and a community. On the negative aspect, oil has very diverse negative effects on social economic gains and has led to the disintegration of economic stability within the units of the society. Increase in oil prices leads to stifling of social economics due to constrained spending so as to meet the higher cost of fuel. This constraint forces individuals to over spend and increased prices of goods and services. The effect spreads within the society to the most unfortunate and stirs unrest due to the high prices. On the same aspect oil has been a very competitive socially owned natural resources which in as many countries has caused political divisions and social disintegration. Communities in developing nations have been embroiled in long civil wars like in Nigeria. Nations with superior industrial needs have sought after taking advantage of lesser nations to establish forced oil drilling concessions so as to have a monopoly in the production of oil and directly befit their economic needs while hurting that of the producing country. The performance of the portfolio might be measured by the effects of changes in energy costs and availability of energy on the economy. Another portfolio measure might be the effects of the mix of energy sources on the diversity and vulnerability of the supply. Generating Electric Power in the Pacific Northwest: Implications of Alternative Technologies Christopher G. Pernin, Mark A. Bernstein, Andrea Mejia, Howard Shih, Fred Rueter, Wilbur Steger 2002. p 15 Effect on Resources Drilling oil has led to dilapidation of natural resources like forested land, marine resources and agricultural land. The effect on these natural resources is basically destruction of their existence so as to create sufficient exploration and drilling acreage. To excavate gas or oil, exploration and seismic survey has to be conducted on very significant area of acreage which completely reduces this area to a wasteful land for many years. The long term effect is that, the existing resources and land itself becomes wasted and polluted due to activities involved to get the gas or oil out. However there are positive attributes that come along with oil and gas production. There creation of jobs on these areas benefits local and professionals who have relevant experience and knowledge on the activities related to drilling and producing oil and gas. Creation of infrastructure and connection to electricity grids become the positive effects on the resources which can be utilized within the region the drilling or production is on going. The resources, like agricultural activities directly benefit from these changes and developments. Existing coffee factories get a boost to revert from using diesel engines to electricity. Communities are connected to the electric grid and can access electricity. Industries come up and processing of natural resources become easier. Proved reserves are both drilled and un-drilled. The proved drilled reserves, in any pool, include oil estimated to be recoverable by the production systems now in operation, whether with or without fluid injection, and from the area actually drilled up on the spacing pattern in effect in that pool. The proved un-drilled reserves, in any pool, include reserves under un-drilled spacing units which are so close, and so related, to the drilled units that there is every reasonable probability that they will produce when drilled. Bruce C.  Netschert The Future Supply of Oil and Gas: A Study of the Availability of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids in the United States in the Period through 1975: 1958. p 7 Development of alternative fuels Oil and gas have led to positive research on energy needs globally. Companies and researchers have been seeking best solutions to the waning supplies and deposits of gas and oil to curb the eminent collapse of the supply and demand. Discovery of coal mines, use of electric car and trains development of alternative oil are diverse developments all based on the oil and gas supply and demand agenda. According to arguments based on the global perspective on demand and supply of gas and oil, it is questionable and much worrisome ‘Are resources likely to be available during the next fifty years in the quantities necessary to satisfy projected demands without substantial increases in prices? If not, what price in- creases are likely to be necessary to close the gap between supply and demand, and what are the effects of those increases likely to be? Ronald G. Ridker & William D. Watson: To Choose a Future: Resource and Environmental Consequences of Alternative Growth Paths. 980. p 96. Negative effects of the demand and supply is mainly seen within the oil curtails and supply context. International oil curtails have a stranglehold on the oil and gas prices and the effect of alternative oils becomes less dynamic and progressive stifling efforts to stipulate best policies to use to achieve the required progress in alternatives is slow. Implementation of development of alternative oils and energy resources has been ongoing. Creation of biodegradable oils has resolved much of the fears that demand would become elastic. Environmental effects Global warming and environmental degradation consequences on the flora are as a result of a lot of oil and gas exploration activities. Secondly the use of oil and gas in industries and within the concepts of combustion has led to degradation of the environmental. Industrial effluent related to oil has destroyed the flora while gaseous emission like carbon emissions from vehicles and industrial machinery has destroyed the ozone layer resulting to global warming. There are literally no positive implications on the environment by oil and gas. However on the profound aspect of research advancing of technology to improve on the air and to maintain a level of complacency within the ozone layer has led to discovery and global use of green houses and introduction of policies which reflect on addressing how to stop global warming. Governmental and geo-political effects A lot of the current crisis within the global fronts is based on escalation of demand of oil and gas by major world like the United States. The demand for energy, especially based on oil supplies has become un-foreseeable, as such the need to have vast reserves of oil within proximity as insulation to the critical point of demand and elasticity of demand is important. Non-Marxist social science, needless to say, had to contend with the reality, where incidents of collective violence were taking place all around. Facing this contradiction between their theory and reality, a compromise was reached by which it was hypothesized that anti-systemic conflict was only a temporary situation. This situation, they argued, would be symptomatic of the Third World nations going through a structural change. Structural change caused by the introduction of â€Å"economic development† and a new production relationship calls for the end to the traditional social and economic relationship. Dipak K. Gupta: The Economics of Political Violence: The Effect of Political Instability on Economic Growth. 1990 p 31 The issue here is that political prowess has influenced a lot of political inclinations in various nations within the world. On the same context, government policies to curb oil prices and to have reserves for future use have become null and wavering. The community within these jurisdictions suffer fluctuating oil prices and there is no consistency in the pricing hence the problem of constantly adjusting to the new prices due to lack of legislation. Political problems have emanated from this point with extremist policies on invasion of natural resources and barrel prices becoming tools of stifling economic progress in the communities.

Analysis of Challenges in International Management Essay

Analysis of Challenges in International Management† Abstract The following essay analysis the challenges in International Management with particular regard to the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international business as it is the must difficult to deal with and being essential for successful results in a wide range of global management tasks nowadays and in the future. Introduction Today successful international management requires more than a lot of frequent flyer miles or seasoned expatriate managers. But what are those exclusive challenges of international management in today’s world? The importance of international management is constantly increasing, as we exist in a world where globalisation is affecting the traditional borders in a broad range of areas. †¢Trade and investment, †¢Economic alliances, †¢The international stage players, and †¢The work environment are changing rapidly, being supported by the increasing sophistication and lower cost of information technology. World trade and investments are growing fast (the volume of world trade among countries has grown at an average rate over 8% since 2005 (WTO 2008)), linking the economies and creating opportunities and threats. New, strong and forced competitors are coming from developing nations in Asia and the transitioning economies of Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the constantly rising level of foreign direct investment also has a globalising effect (Thomas 2002). Moreover, the emergence of the free-trade areas drastically decreased traditional economic boundaries. So do the three largest groups, the EU, the NAFTA, and the APEC, account for nearly half of the world’s trade (Cullen 2002) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) now has 140 member-nations, aiming to reduce tariffs and liberalize trade. But globalization also affects the work environments within organizations. Changes involve cutbacks, team-based management movements and privatization. For instance, there can be factory closings, as Nokia closing their German plant in Bochum moving to Romania, because of cheaper labour. All in all, as one key consequence of globalisation, international managers nowadays have to face a more dynamic, complex, competitive and uncertain environment and need skills (as a global mindset or the ability to work with people from diverse background) not considered necessary for domestic-only managers. The environment of international management can be divided into †¢economic, †¢legal, †¢political, and †¢cultural factors (Thomas 2002). So for making decisions it is essential to understand the economic strategies of the countries in or with one wants to conduct business with, because level of economic development and quality of life differs extremely worldwide. Furthermore, there are various national sovereign laws and regulations existing in the world which have to be observed and made allowance for. And in addition, there are several varieties of political systems (e. g. , theocratic totalitarianism in Saudi Arabia), containing different levels of political risks which have to be managed. For instance, decision makers have to able to estimate the degree of risk associated with a government’s involvements in business affairs depending on characteristics of their company. All these factors present impressive challenges multinational management has to face. However, the management challenge of culture and its effects on business practices and organizations is one of the most difficult to deal with. As conducting business with people from other cultures will never be easy you have to understand how culture affects management and organizations. â€Å"Culture† is a concept borrowed from cultural anthropology and there are numerous and subtle different definitions. As each definition has limitations focussing on international management the following description of Geert Hofstede seems very helpful. He defines the culture of any society as comprising shared values, understandings, assumptions and goals learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations (Hofstede 2008). Culture is something shared by members of a particular group, differentiates humans from other groups, is transmitted through the process of learning and adapts to external and internal environments and relationships. The international businessperson needs to be aware of three levels of cultures that may influence multinational operations. These include national culture, business culture, and organisational cultures (Cullen 2002). National culture can be described as the dominant culture within the political borders of a nation-state. But one has to be aware that multiple cultures can exist within political boundaries and they do not necessarily reflect cultural borders. For instance, Canada being home to Anglophones and Francophones. Furthermore, even relatively homogenous cultures can have diverse subcultures, including cultural differences which are affecting the international business. Nevertheless, as most business is conducted within the political borders of a state and nations can be defined as political unities, varying in governmental, legal, educational, institutional and labour systems, influencing the way people interact with their environment (Thomas 2002), national culture has the greatest effect on international business being probably the most logic starting point trying to understand the cultural environment. Business culture, reflecting the national culture, influences all aspects of work and organizational life (e. g. , motivating staff, negotiating with business partners, etc. and knowing it’s basic requirements (e. g. , what to wear to business meetings, business etiquette is more formal in Germany than in the U. S. with conservative dark business suits, etc. ) is essential for the international manager. Moreover, especially in the last few years, people realized that the â€Å"culture†-concept also holds for individual organizations. So may differences in organizational culture may be one reason why the merger of two otherwise successful companies failed. It is important to evaluate the influence of organizational rules, norms and procedures to understand the causes of behaviour in organizations. With shared behaviours, conditional relationship, being socialized into and partly involved in it, etc. organizational culture differs in construction and elements of national culture. Even so understanding these cultural factors is fundamental for international managers conducting international business, they have to be aware that â€Å"cultures† can just offer wide guidelines for behaviour, as for instance organizational cultures differ within any national context and individuals vary in each culture level. One cannot predict exactly how each person acts, feels, thinks, etc. Nonetheless, broad generalization about a culture provides a level of analysis from which to begin to understand the cultural environment and the complexities of cultural differences, because management functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in a global economy have to account for them. As international managers have to face various cultural challenges testing their management abilities they must be able to unpack the culture concept. Therefore the basic concepts of cultural dimensions can help them understand how two or more cultures might be different. An essential implication of these frameworks referring to international management and culture is that cultural interpretation and adaptation are a prerequisite to the comparative understanding of international management practice (Morden 1995). The following sections describe two popular models. Hofstede’s Culture Model This Framework, created by dutch scientist Geert Hofstede and based on a research over 11600 people in 50 countries (starting with 39 IBM subsiadiaries worldwide), tries to evaluate how basic values underlay organizational behaviour. National differences are investigated by five dimensions of basic cultural values: 1. Power distance 2. Uncertainty avoidance 3. Individualism 4. Masculinity and 5. Long-term orientation (Hofstede 2008). 1. This first value dimension refers to how cultures deal with inequality and tries to postion the inequality acceptance level by unequal power distribution society members. In countries with a high power distance acceptance (e. g. , such as Mexico), people respect and hardly ever bypass formal hierarchy positions (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 2. The second value dimension concerns about the degree humans in a society are threatened by uncertain situations. The social system of a higher uncertainty avoidance society is dominated by regulations and rules, predictabilties and orders and people tend to be suspicious of change, whereas people from lower levels of uncertainty avoidance societies (for instance, countries such as Denmark). tend to be less formal, take higher business risks and plan and structure less 3. Individualism refers to the affinity to primarily take care of oneself and one’s direct family, and then to the rest of society (with the U. S. being a good example) (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008). 4. The fourth dimension of â€Å"masculinity† concerns about the ranking of tradionally â€Å"masculine† values in a society, such as less concerning for others, materialism and assertiveness, whereas â€Å"feminity† on the other side emphasises the quality of life and relationships. 5. Long-term orientation cultures are insistent and saving (e. g. the culture of China) and short-term orientation is more self-centered, money-oriented and more social. All these factors are inter-reliant and interactive in their effects. So shows the Anglo-Dutch example Unilever the practicability of multinational enterprises where the power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism values are similar; and where the masculine achievement orientation of the British complements the people orientation of the Dutch (Morden 1995). All in all, so there is a lot of criticism (for instance, the time-dependence of the results, the non-exhaustive investigation of only one multinational US company, etc. to these findings and the model of Hofstede, it is still a very valuable and useful â€Å"gift† for understanding culture and culture-based behavior. Trompenaars’ Culture Model The model created by Fons Trompenaars its also based on the researched of value dimensions. He studied the behavoiur of 15000 managers, representing 47 national cultures (Hampden-Turner 2008). Five of the seven dimensions of his model deal with the challenges of h ow people relate to each other: 1. Universalism versus particularism 2. Neutral versus affective 3. Specific versus diffuse . Achievement versus ascription 5. Time as sequence versus synchronisation The two final dimensions deal with how a culture manages time and how it deals with nature. They include: 6. The society-orientation to the past, present, or future and 7. â€Å"Control of† versus â€Å"accommodation with† nature 1. The value of univerlism refers to the application to systems and rules objectively, without taking consideration to personal circumstances, whereas the particularism culture (e. g. in countries as Spain) is more subjective and focusses more on relationships. 2. The second, the neutral-versus-affective, value dimension refers on the emotional orientation of relationships (such as expressing your feelings and emotions more like, for example, the Portugese). 3. In Addition the specific-versus-diffus dimension investigates if people from a special culture tend to be more or less specific or diffuse in their relationships (for example, Germans try to separate work and personal issues). 4. In the achievement-versus-ascription dimension, it is asked: †What is the source of power and status in society? † (Elizabeth M. Christopher 2008) So is for instance, in an achievement refering culture, the â€Å"status† of a person mainly based on it’s individual achievement (such as job performance, etc. ). 5. â€Å"Time as sequence† orientated cultures separate events in time (â€Å"step-by-step†), whereas â€Å"time as synchronisation†-orientated indiviuals manage events in parallel. (For example, if their business partners are not sharp on time, Germans, coming from a â€Å"time-as-sequence† orientated culture, may consider it an insultation). 6. This value dimension is about past versus future orientations. 7. Moreover, this dimension refers to the extent to which individuals feel that they themselves are the primary influence on their lives. Using this framework trying to understand some culture-basics some interesting patterns may emerge. Altough, being recognised for their validity (the results of these both major studies have some significant parallels, even so they were carried out in different times using different methods and examples), these concepts of cultural value orientation proposed by Hofstede and Tropmenaar can only give a basic framework for the analysis of cultural differences. They are utensils to help understand a culture and adjusting business practices to diverse cultural environments. They are for instance, a prerequisite to the successful new-market country entry, whether by setting up licensing or new subsidiaries, joint ventures, mergers or for the establishment of efficient programmes of international HR development (Kay 1993). But international managers have to realise that the understanding of another culture is a inexhaustible learning process. They will have to practice for their international work with or in other countries by studiying all that they can about the country, including more than just the business etiquette. Understanding the national culture builds just the foundation. As you seldom can get behind the front stage of culture without speaking the national language onother basic instrument is learning the language. But the challenge of â€Å"culture† in international management takes such much more than this. International managers have to broaden their understanding of cultural differences and to learn to seek advantage in differences. Understanding the culture is just a basis for the diverse international management tasks, as appropriate cross-cultural communication (using appropiate communication styles), effective and positive motivating and leadership in international organisations and across cultures, successful negotiation with international business partners and making ethically and socially responsible decisions. Conclusion The environment of international management can be divided into economic, legal, political, and cultural factors, with â€Å"culture† being the most challenging and most difficult to deal with, influencing a broad range of management tasks. Providing oneself with the necessary knowlegde and understanding of the national culture of the country or the people one is conducting business with is essential and builds just the foundation for the successful complementation of global management tasks, such as for instance leadership in multinational organisations (where you have to have understanding of all three levels of culture; national, business and organisational culture, being different and influencing each other).

Analytical Proceduresâ€Ratio Analysis Form

11 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES—RATIO ANALYSIS FORM The auditor can use this form to document the performance and evaluation of ratio analysis in connection with analytical procedures performed in an audit. The form is only a guide and is not a substitute for professional judgment. The form may be modified by adding or omitting certain ratio analysis. CLIENT NAME: DATE OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: LIQUIDITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Current ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Quick or acid test ratio =Current Assets – Inventory Current Liabilities____________________ Comments: PROFITABILITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Gross profit ratio = Net Sales – Cost of Goods Sold Net Sales____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Operating margin ratio = Income before Income Taxes and Interest Net Sales____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Net income ratio (or profit margin ratio) = Net Income Net Sales____ ________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 4. Return on total assets ratio = Net Income + Interest Expense Total Assets____________________Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 5. Return on equity ratio = Net Income Average Stockholders’ Equity____________________ Comments: LEVERAGE RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Debt to assets ratio = Total Debt Total Assets____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Debt to equity ratio = Long-Term Debt Stockholder’s Equity____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Times interest earned ratio = Income before Income Taxes and Interest Interest Expense____________________ Comments: ACTIVITY RATIOS 20__20__19__19__ 1. Inventory turnover =Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 2. Average age of inventory = 360 Days Inventory Turnover____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 3. Accounts receivable turnover = Net Sales Average Accounts Receivable____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__ 19__ 4. Days sales in accounts receivable = 360 Days Accounts Receivable Turnover____________________ Comments: 20__20__19__19__ 5. Asset turnover = Net Sales Total Assets____________________ Comments: Prepared by Date Approved by Date

Drug Exposed Infants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drug Exposed Infants - Essay Example Mothers should be prevented, through education, from using drugs while pregnant. As a result of the illicit drug use, the children require intense monitoring by their pediatrician. Women who use cocaine while pregnant -- especially those who are likely to get noticed as addicts or be tested for drugs in the hospital -- tend also to drink more booze, smoke more cigarettes, and dip into a greater variety of illicit drugs than other women. Cocaine is not truly associated with any pattern of defects. Nor does it produce infantile withdrawal, like opiates. Today there is something approaching scientific consensus that cocaine increases the risk of low birth weight and perhaps premature delivery. Left unmonitored and untreated, the babies, as shown by studies have long term developmental delays. This article explains to any reader that there are serious ramifications with illicit drug ingestion during pregnancy. Moreover, it explains that the child is severely damaged and begins life at a tremendous disadvantage. It explains the mental, social, educational, physical and legal implications of this behavior on the child. It is important for doctors and their employees to learn about in utero drug use from a suspected mother because the babies need treatment. The key is to question them in a manner that is non threatening and non judgmental. The mothers will already feel guilt or fear about legal consequences. Toxicology testing alone will not provide all of the information needed. Above all, pediatricians must be able to identify babies that have been exposed to neo natal drug use. 3.) What are the ramifications if the problem is not addressed If the problem is not addressed, there will be an outbreak of drug addicted babies. Some of the defects these babies suffer remain undiscovered. The failure to teach the mothers the dangers of drug use to their babies is sure to create repeat behavior. Moreover, there is a strong likelihood of the children being exposed to physical, emotional and sexual abuse. This is a pattern that will continue to repeat itself. Forced intervention, according to the academy will not work. Mothers will not seek help for themselves or their babies if there is the threat of jail. The academy feels that the only intervention that will be effective is education. 5) What are the tangible benefits of resolving the problem The tangible benefits of course, are healthy mothers and children. The educated parents can not only help their babies, but teach them the importance of maintaining a drug free life. In short, a positive cycle is created instead of the negative one discussed in the article. There will not be an overflow in an already taxed foster care system. There will not be criminal charges, and separation of mothers and their children which is often the result of Child Protective Services Interventions, without the needed support. 4) Describe and evaluate any solutions provided in the article. The article mentioned several ways to educate mothers suspected of taking illicit drugs. The article encourages pediatric employees to take a social work approach in informing the community about the dangers of

Faculty Data Interpretation( the HW is just answer 5 Questions (small Assignment

Faculty Data Interpretation( the HW is just answer 5 Questions (small paragraphs) basted on two graghs about spiders - Assignment Example A small number of gum-footed threads would reduce the chances of the spider capturing its prey. The threads observed in figures 1 and 2 shows that the house spider employs the optimal foraging theory in capturing its prey. Well-fed spiders spin a heavier mass of silk. It costs more in terms of energy and time to spin a web. A starving spider does not have the energy that is required to spin a web. In figure one, well-fed spiders spin heavier webs than starving ones. However, the spider has to capture prey or it will die. To avoid starvation, it would increase the number of sticky gum-footed threads to avoid death. The sticky gum footed threads offer it a higher chance of catching prey with less energy expended. This phenomenon is observed in figure 2 where the starving spiders spin more sticky gum-footed threads than the well-fed spiders. Arthur, Christopoulos and Harvey, Motulsky. Fitting Models to Biological Data using Linear and Nonlinear Regression: A practical guide to curve fitting. San Diego, CA: Graph Pad Software Inc., 2003.

Critical analysis of Easter lilies, The Oxen and The Darkling Thrush Assignment

Critical analysis of Easter lilies, The Oxen and The Darkling Thrush - Assignment Example Jane Gardam’s Short story Easter lilies is one of her best short stories in her collection, The Pangs of Love. In this short story, a strange old lady known as Mrs. White decides to have flowers sent over to their church by buying them from Malta. Mrs. White had stayed in Malta for a certain period of time. The old lady decides to abandon custom regulations and using her common sense, she has some of the flowers sent over from Malta. A rich courier drops pearls in a flower bouquet and the old lady is fortunate to pick them. She tries the pearls. Mrs. White shows the human nature by trying to save the little money belonging to the church. She orders flowers from Malta which is cheaper. When the flowers get to their church, she starts to arrange them but falls at the alter and dies. Fortunately, Mrs. White had left all her estate to the church. Her death saves the cash strapped church. Easter lilies is a story of love and sacrifice. The story makes the reader to have a sense of deep sacrifice. The story is full of religious symbols. In its effective nature of communication the message, Gardam employs the use of narrative and recurrent religious symbolism. The language used is narrative in nature making the story to be easily told. Another important style employed by the author is the use of religious symbolism. The death of Mrs. White at the alter during the Easter period is greatly symbolic to Jesus death during the Easter period.... Mrs. White sacrifices her everything for the church just the same way like Jesus Christ did for humanity. Thomas Hardy’s poem, The Oxen is set in a childhood scenario during the Christmas holidays. The notion that cows knelt during every Christmas as postulated in the myth of the birth of Christ forms the basis by which Hardy sets his poem. Reading the poem captures the hope that children have during the Christmas period. The faith of the children is clearly portrayed by the poet when he states, â€Å"occur to one of us there / To doubt they were kneeling then† (The Oxen 7-8). This means that at that early age, the children’s faith in the miraculous kneeling of the oxen was undoubted. However, perhaps, with age, the voice in the poem has lost his faith in waiting and envisioning that Oxen kneel during the Christmas period. There is a sense of loss and exclusion in the poem. Hardy employs various literary styles in the poem, â€Å"The Oxen†. The most import ant style employed by hardy in â€Å"The Oxen† is symbolic imagery and use of direct speech. Symbolic imagery is found in the poem when hardy talks about the myth of the kneeling oxen. The belief in Kneeling oxen’s during Christmas and the deep belief in the myth is symbolic to the innocence that can be found in children. Direct speech is clear in the oxen where the poet quotes directly from other characters in the poem. For example, "Now they are all on their knees," is quoted to show the speech by the elderly. This helps to break the monotony in the poem. Direct speech also shows the authority of other characters in the poem by quoting directly. The darkling thrush is another of Thomas Hardy’s masterpiece. In the Darkling Thrush, the voice in the poem captures a person who wanders

Discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion board - Assignment Example Laws to force people to reveal encryption keys are still comparatively new and contentious. limitations are ease of access to children and insight of anonymity has given predators of sexual a way to reach child victims in the internet, the vulnerability of computers to the hacker attacks is a constant prompt of security issues surrounding the data stored digitally, and lastly, since the computers control almost all our infrastructure this makes the technology an appetizing target for the terrorists (Saferstein, 2011). 2. The document is reliable to examination in criminal and civil cases in that it avails a very broad and can include information from just about any software program. WordPerfect and Microsoft Word processing programs typically producing text based files like documents which are typed and correspondence. These programs and other host of word-processing programs have substituted the typewriter and are the common sources of evidence in the cases of criminals, especially those who are involved in white-collar crime. There are also information related to the personal and business finance which are significant in white-collar crime and same financial investigation. Programs like QuickBooks and Peachtree accounting packages which can run the whole financial of retail business. Likewise, it is not easy to get an individual bank account records in a computer being managed by the personal software like Microsoft Money and Quicken. More, over the criminals may use these programs as well as a pplications of spread sheets to track bank accounts stolen from the unsuspecting victims. Therefore computer forensic examiners make acquainted with these programs, the way data is stored, recovering data and reading the data (Saferstein, 2011). 3. There are mainly two web browsers: Internet Explorer and Firefox. There features are; two Web browsers use a caching system for the expedition of Web browsing and

Management data analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management data analysis - Assignment Example Question 6: How many times per week do you deposit waste? The following table shows the results of the survey: Employees Gender Q 1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 1 Male yes 1 1 1 23 3 2 Male yes 2 3 1 45 12 3 Male No 2 3 3 38 6 4 Female Yes 1 2 3 52 4 5 Female No 3 2 3 28 5 6 Male yes 3 2 1 18 7 7 Female yes 3 3 3 27 8 8 Female 3 3 2 33 6 9 Male No 2 3 3 56 17 10 Male Yes 2 3 3 63 21 11 Female Yes 1 1 3 39 2 12 Female Yes 1 1 1 40 7 13 Female Yes 1 1 1 33 5 14 Male no 1 3 3 22 5 15 Male yes 1 1 3 20 18 16 Female Yes 2 3 1 18 4 17 Male No 3 3 3 34 9 18 Male No 3 2 1 50 12 19 Female no 3 2 3 52 19 20 Female Yes 2 2 1 61 13 21 Male Yes 2 2 1 56 4 22 Male no 1 2 3 44 15 23 Female Yes 1 3 3 42 17 24 Female Yes 1 3 1 19 17 25 Male No 1 2 3 26 10 26 Male No 1 1 1 23 3 27 Male Yes 2 3 1 45 12 28 Male no 2 3 3 38 6 29 Female No 1 2 3 52 4 30 Female No 3 2 3 28 5 31 Male no 3 2 1 18 10 32 Female No 3 3 3 27 8 33 Female no 3 2 3 33 6 34 Male Yes 2 3 3 20 10 35 Male yes 2 3 3 63 23 Table1: survey results Null hypothesis: There is enough evidence to show that support for the new waste policy was related to the volume of waste produced prior to the policy’s introduction. Table 2: Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .025a .001 -.030 5.81551 a. Predictors: (Constant), How much waste did you generate on a typical day Table 3: ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression .679 1 .679 .020 .888b Residual 1116.063 33 33.820 Total 1116.743 34 a. Dependent Variable: How many times per week do you visit the central re-cycling bins? b. Predictors: (Const

SELF ESTEEM & SOCIAL ANXIETY Essay Example for Free

SELF ESTEEM SOCIAL ANXIETY Essay Self Esteem and Social Anxiety The study searched measures of self- esteem and social anxiety using self-report. Social Anxiety Disorder is someone who has the fear of being social with anyone or anything, said (Rasmussen and Pidgeon, 2011). Low self-esteem is a cause of Social Anxiety Disorder. Research stated that there is evidence that individual’s with social anxiety show low self-esteem (Baumeister Twenge, 2003). (Kocovski and Endler’s, 2000) Social anxiety showed that low self-esteem had a gain in fears of negative evaluation, which in turn showed gains in social anxiety. A person who checks themself in a negative way will think that others are of the same opinion, and this anticipation of negative evaluation of the self might result in anxiety in social situations (Kocovski Endler, 2000). It was hypothesized that higher levels of mindfulness would significantly predict higher levels of self- esteem. Recent experimental evidence has shown that mindfulness buffers self-esteem from negatively valenced social experiences, which in turn reduces defensive reactions to social threats. It was hypothesized that higher self- esteem would significantly predict lower social anxiety. It was predicted that mindfulness indirectly predicted lower social anxiety via self-esteem. (Fennel Jenkins, 2004) In this experiment it was an experiment to see the levels of low or high self- esteem, which would inflict a difference on social anxiety. The mean age for this was 23.1 years old. The standard deviation was 6.72. In this experiment the percent of female students was 59%. There were coefficients ranging from 0.82- 0.86 in different studies. Results showed higher increases in self- esteem and said there were lower levels of social anxiety. This study for future research can be questioned like what variables influence the effectiveness in mindfulness practice in relation to self-esteem and social anxiety? These three different study groups could not differentiate on treatment dropout also families were more intrigued by GANA and PCIT, instead of TAU. We even hypothesized that PCIT would outperform TAU. Participants included 58 Mexican- American families. In this clinical sample, the children were in dire need of treatment. As stated, the IV is PCIT (Parent Child Interaction Therapy), treatment as usual. GANA guided active children. The DV stated that there would be lower dropout, higher father participation, better outcomes, higher parent satisfaction. The studies psychological perspective is social cultural. This is social cultural because it is studying the different social groups of different cultures of the society. A new question raised for possible future study is why dropout rates do not differ? (Bandura, A. Ross, D., Ross, S.A) The advancement concerning the influence of the gender of the model and the sex of the children in imitation of a sample experiment. The number of participants was 72. 36 boys and 36 girls had participated as the imitators of the experiment. The mean age of the children equals 37 to 69 months. The IV with operational definition was Aggressive vs. Non- aggressive children and same vs. Different sex. The DV is imitative responses (physical aggression, verbal aggression, and non-verbal responses. The result of this experiment was participants who observed aggressive models scored significantly higher in imitative responses including physical and verbal aggression as well as non aggressive verbal responses. The psychological perspective is social learning. The perspective is social learning because a child observing a behavior from an adult will impact the way they react to the independent variable of the experiment. A questioned raised to continue this study in the future is how much aggression was transmitted through imitation of the aggressive models? It is important to go about studying hypotheses using different psychological perspectives because it gives us a better and more accurate hypothesis as well as more accurate results. The study I will discuss further is Mallet Aggression (Bandura 1961). The hypothesis explored in this study was subjects exposed to aggressive models would reproduce aggressive reactions resembling their models and would differ in this of both from participants who observed nonaggressive models and those of no prior witness  to any model. They tested the hypothesis with the psychological perspective known as social learning. Mood personality is another psychological perspective because a participant’s mood if experiencing anger will show that the individual will be destructive with the mallet after learning from the model. An individual could test the hypothesis with the new psychological perspective by bringing in participants experiencing anger and participants who are not experiencing anger a nd have them observe the model and see what their reaction is. References Rasmussen, Michael K., Pidgeon, Aileen M., (2010) The direct and indirect benefits of dispositional mindfulness on self- esteem and social anxiety, Anxiety, Stress Coping, 24, (2), 227-233. McCabe, K., Yeh, M. (2009) parent- child interaction therapy for Mexican Americans: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 38, (5), 753-759. 10.1080/15374410903544 Bandura, Ross A., D., Ross, S. A, (1961) transmission of aggressive through imitation of aggressive models, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, (3), 575-582.